"When sunya [zero] is added to a number or subtracted from a number, the number remains unchanged; and a number multiplied by sunya becomes sunya." (Brahmagupta, 628)
"Every number arises from One, and this in turn from the Zero. In this lies a great and sacred mystery - in hoc magnum latet sacramentum: HE is symbolized by that which has neither beginning nor end; and just as the zero neither increases nor diminishes another number to which it is added or from which it is subtracted so does HE neither wax nor wane. And as the zero multiplies by ten the number behind which it is placed so does HE increase not tenfold, but a thousand fold - nay, to speak more correctly, HE creates all out of nothing, preserves and rules it - omnia ex nichillo creat, conservat atque gubernat." ("Salem Codex", 12th century)
"The whole science of mathematics depends upon zero. Zero alone determines the value in mathematics. Zero is in itself nothing. Mathematics is based upon nothing, and, consequently, arises out of nothing." (Lorenz Oken, "Elements of Physiophilosophy", 1847)
"A great deal of misunderstanding is avoided if it be remembered that the terms infinity, infinite, zero, infinitesimal must be interpreted in connexion with their context, and admit a variety of meanings according to the way in which they are defined." (George B Mathews, "Theory of Numbers", 1892)
"The point about zero is that we do not need to use it in the operations of daily life. No one goes out to buy zero fish. It is in a way the most civilized of all the cardinals, and its use is only forced on us by the needs of cultivated modes of thought." (Alfred N Whitehead, "An Introduction to Mathematics", 1911)
"In the history of culture the discovery of zero will always stand out as one of the greatest achievements of the human race." (Tobias Danzig, "Number: The Language of Science", 1930)
"The zero is the most important digit. It is a stroke of genius, to make something out of noting by giving it a name and inventing a symbol for it." (B L van der Waerden, "Science Awakening", 1962)
"[…] it took men about five thousand years, counting from the beginning of number symbols, to think of a symbol for nothing." (Isaac Asimov, "Of Time and Space and Other Things", 1965)
"[zero is] A mysterious number, which started life as a space on a counting board, turned into a written notice that a space was present, that is to say that something was absent, then confused medieval mathematicians who could not decide whether it was really a number or not, and achieved its highest status in modern abstract mathematics in which numbers are defined anyway only by their properties, and the properties of zero are at least as clear, and rather more substantial, than those of many other numbers." (David Wells, "The Penguin Dictionary of Curious and Interesting Numbers", 1986)
"Clearly, however, a zero probability is not the same thing as an impossibility; […] In systems that are now called chaotic, most initial states are followed by nonperiodic behavior, and only a special few lead to periodicity. […] In limited chaos, encountering nonperiodic behavior is analogous to striking a point on the diagonal of the square; although it is possible, its probability is zero. In full chaos, the probability of encountering periodic behavior is zero." (Edward N Lorenz, "The Essence of Chaos", 1993)
"Zero is behind all of the big puzzles in physics. The infinite density of the black hole is a division by zero. The big bang creation from the void is a division by zero. The infinite energy of the vacuum is a division by zero. Yet dividing by zero destroys the fabric of mathematics and the framework of logic - and threatens to undermine the very basis of science. […] The universe begins and ends with zero." (Charles Seife ."Zero, the Biography of a Dangerous Idea", 2000)
"Mathematics is an activity about activity. It hasn't ended - has hardly in fact begun, although the polish of its works might give them the look of monuments, and a history of zero mark it as complete. But zero stands not for the closing of a ring: it is rather a gateway." (Robert Kaplan, "The Nothing that Is: A Natural History of Zero", 2000)
"Zero was at the heart of the battle between East and West. Zero was at the center of the struggle between religion and science. Zero became the language of nature and the most important tool in mathematics. And the most profound problems in physics - the dark core of a black hole and the brilliant flash of the big bang - are struggles to defeat zero." (Charles Seife ."Zero, the Biography of a Dangerous Idea", 2000)
"The concept of zero is so familiar that it takes a great deal of effort to recapture how mysterious, subtle, and contradictory the idea really is." (William Byers, "How Mathematicians Think", 2007)
"Zero is the mathematically defined numerical function of nothingness. It is used not for an evasion but for an apprehension of reality. Zero is by far the most interesting number among all the others: It is a symbol for what is not there. It is an emptiness that increases any number it's added to. Zero is an inexhaustible and indispensable paradox. Zero is the only number which can be divided by every other number. Zero is also only number which can divide no other number. It seems zero is also the most debated number in mathematics. We know that mathematicians are involved in heated philosophical and logical discussions around the issues of zero: Can we divide a number by zero? Is the result of this division infinity or not? Is zero a positive or a negative number? Is it even or is it odd?" (Fahri Karakas, "Reflections on zero and zero-centered spirituality in organizations", 2008)
"However, in contrast to one, which is singularly straightforward, zero is secretly peculiar. If you pierce the obscuring haze of familiarity around it, you’ll see that it is a quantitative entity that, curiously, is really the absence of quantity. It took people a long time to get their minds around that." (David Stipp, "A Most Elegant Equation: Euler's Formula and the Beauty of Mathematics", 2017)
"Zero is not a point of non-existence. Zero is always a balance point of existents. The human understanding of 'zero' must undergo the most radical of all transformations. Most people, especially scientists, associate it with absolute nothingness, with non-existence. This is absolutely untrue. Or, to put it another way, we can define it in two ways: 1) nothing as non-existence, in which case it has absolutely no consequences but leads to all manner of abstract paradoxes and contradictions, or 2) nothing as existence, in which case it is always a mathematical balance point for somethings. It is purely mathematical, not scientific, or religious, or spiritual, or emotional, or sensory, or mystical. It is analytic nothing and whenever you encounter it you have to establish the exact means by which it is maintaining its balance of zero."
No comments:
Post a Comment