📁On Data: On Clusters

"The logarithmic transformation serves several purposes: (1) The resulting regression coefficients sometimes have a more useful theoretical interpretation compared to a regression based on unlogged variables. (2) Badly skewed distributions - in which many of the observations are clustered together combined with a few outlying values on the scale of measurement - are transformed by taking the logarithm of the measurements so that the clustered values are spread out and the large values pulled in more toward the middle of the distribution. (3) Some of the assumptions underlying the regression model and the associated significance tests are better met when the logarithm of the measured variables is taken." (Edward R Tufte, "Data Analysis for Politics and Policy", 1974)

"Exploratory data analysis (EDA) is a collection of techniques that reveal (or search for) structure in a data set before calculating any probabilistic model. Its purpose is to obtain information about the data distribution (univariate or multivariate), about the presence of outliers and clusters, to disclose relationships and correlations between objects and/or variables." (Ildiko E  Frank & Roberto Todeschini, "The Data Analysis Handbook", 1994)

"While classification is important, it can certainly be overdone. Making too fine a distinction between things can be as serious a problem as not being able to decide at all. Because we have limited storage capacity in our brain (we still haven't figured out how to add an extender card), it is important for us to be able to cluster similar items or things together. Not only is clustering useful from an efficiency standpoint, but the ability to group like things together (called chunking by artificial intelligence practitioners) is a very important reasoning tool. It is through clustering that we can think in terms of higher abstractions, solving broader problems by getting above all of the nitty-gritty details." (Joseph P Bigus,"Data Mining with Neural Networks: Solving business problems from application development to decision support", 1996)

"Data clusters are everywhere, even in random data. Someone who looks for an explanation will inevitably find one, but a theory that fits a data cluster is not persuasive evidence. The found explanation needs to make sense and it needs to be tested with uncontaminated data." (Gary Smith, "Standard Deviations", 2014)

"The general design choice of hierarchical aggregation is to construct the derived data of a hierarchical clustering of items in the original dataset and allow the user to interactively control the level of detail to show based on this hierarchy."  (Tamara Munzner, "Visualization Analysis and Design", 2014)

"Cluster analysis refers to the grouping of observations so that the objects within each cluster share similar properties, and properties of all clusters are independent of each other. Cluster algorithms usually optimize by maximizing the distance among clusters and minimizing the distance between objects in a cluster. Cluster analysis does not complete in a single iteration but goes through several iterations until the model converges. Model convergence means that the cluster memberships of all objects converge and don’t change with every new iteration." (Danish Haroon, "Python Machine Learning Case Studies", 2017)

"A form of machine learning in which the goal is to identify regularities in the data. These regularities may include clusters of similar instances within the data or regularities between attributes. In contrast to supervised learning, in unsupervised learning no target attribute is defined in the data set." (John D Kelleher & Brendan Tierney, "Data science", 2018)

"Unsupervised learning or clustering is a way of discovering hidden structures in unlabeled data. Clustering algorithms aim to discover latent patterns in unlabeled data using features to organize instances into meaningfully dissimilar groups." (Benjamin Bengfort et al, "Applied Text Analysis with Python: Enabling Language-Aware Data Products with Machine Learning", 2018)

📓On Literature: On Hallucinations (From Fiction to Science-Fiction)

"Kings are not born: they are made by artificial hallucination." (George B Shaw, "Man and Superman", 1903)

"It must be, I thought, one of the race's most persistent and comforting hallucinations to trust that 'it can't happen here' - that one's own time and place is beyond cataclysm." (John Wyndham, "The Day of the Triffids", 1951)

"An hallucination is not, strictly speaking, manufactured in the brain; it is received by the brain, like any 'real' sense datum, and the patient act in response to this to-him-very-real perception of reality in as logical a way as we do to our sense data. In any way to suppose he only 'thinks he sees it' is to misunderstand totally the experience of psychosis."" (Philip K. Dick, "Drugs, Hallucinations, and the Quest for Reality", 1964)

"Cyberspace. A consensual hallucination experienced daily by billions of legitimate operators, in every nation, by children being taught mathematical concepts. [...] A graphic representation of data abstracted from banks of every computer in the human system. Unthinkable complexity. Lines of light ranged in the nonspace of the mind, clusters and constellations of data." (William Gibson, "Neuromancer", 1984)

"He’d used decks in school, toys that shuttled you through the infinite reaches of that space that wasn’t space, mankind’s unthinkably complex consensual hallucination, the matrix, cyberspace, where the great corporate hotcores burned like neon novas, data so dense you suffered sensory overload if you tried to apprehend more than the merest outline." (William Gibson, "Count Zero", 1986)

📓On Literature: On Cyberspace (From Fiction to Science-Fiction)

"Cyberspace. A consensual hallucination experienced daily by billions of legitimate operators, in every nation, by children being taught mathematical concepts. [...] A graphic representation of data abstracted from banks of every computer in the human system. Unthinkable complexity. Lines of light ranged in the nonspace of the mind, clusters and constellations of data." (William Gibson, "Neuromancer", 1984)

"He’d used decks in school, toys that shuttled you through the infinite reaches of that space that wasn’t space, mankind’s unthinkably complex consensual hallucination, the matrix, cyberspace, where the great corporate hotcores burned like neon novas, data so dense you suffered sensory overload if you tried to apprehend more than the merest outline." (William Gibson, "Count Zero", 1986) 

"In cyberspace, she noted, there are no shadows." (William Gibson, "Mona Lisa Overdrive", 1988)

"All I knew about the word 'cyberspace'when I coined it, was that it seemed like an effective buzzword. It seemed evocative and essentially meaningless. It was suggestive of something, but had no real semantic meaning, even for me, as I saw it emerge on the page." (William Gibson, No Maps for These Territories", 2000)

"Although personally, I think cyberspace means the end of our species." (Michael Crichton, "The Lost World: A Novel", 2001)

"We need to bridge our sense of loneliness and disconnection with a sense of community and continuity even if we must manufacture it from our time on the Web and our use of calling cards to connect long distance. We must log on somewhere, and if it is only in cyberspace, that is still far better than nowhere at all." (Julia Cameron, "God is No Laughing Matter", 2001)

"That's how it is online - there's no time in cyberspace. It's almost like everything physical evaporates, and it's just your mind and the different sites floating in a void." (Tim Tharp, "The Spectacular Now", 2008)

🌌On Cosmology: On Planets (1850-1899)

"The circle is one of the noblest representation of the Deity, in his noble works of human nature. It bounds, determines, governs, and dictates bounds, dictates space, bounds latitude and longitude, refers to space, the sun, moon, and all the planets, in direction, brings to the mind thoughts of eternity, and concentrates the mind to imagine for itself the distance and space it comprehends. It rectifies all boundaries; it is the key to information of the knowledge of God." (John Davis, "The Measure of the Circle", 1854)

"The genuine spirit of Mathesis is devout. No intellectual pursuit more truly leads to profound impressions of the existence and attributes of a Creator, and to a deep sense of our filial relations to him, than the study of these abstract sciences. Who can understand so well how feeble are our conceptions of Almighty Power, as he who has calculated the attraction of the sun and the planets, and weighed in his balance the irresistible force of the lightning? Who can so well understand how confused is our estimate of the Eternal Wisdom, as he who has traced out the secret laws which guide the hosts of heaven, and combine the atoms on earth? Who can so well understand that man is made in the image of his Creator, as he who has sought to frame new laws and conditions to govern imaginary worlds, and found his own thoughts similar to those on which his Creator has acted?" (Thomas Hill, "The Imagination in Mathematics", The North American Review Vol. 85 (176), 1857)

"SYSTEM (σύστημα, σύν ἵστημιavu, to place together) - is a full and connected view of all the truths of some department of knowledge. An organized body of truth, or truths arranged under one and the same idea, which idea is as the life or soul which assimilates all those truths. No truth is altogether isolated. Every truth has relation to some other. And we should try to unite the facts of our knowledge so as to see them in their several bearings. This we do when we frame them into a system. To do so legitimately we must begin by analysis and end with synthesis. But system applies not only to our knowledge, but to the objects of our knowledge. Thus we speak of the planetary system, the muscular system, the nervous system. We believe that the order to which we would reduce our ideas has a foundation in the nature of things. And it is this belief that encourages us to reduce our knowledge of things into systematic order. The doing so is attended with many advantages. At the same time a spirit of systematizing may be carried too far. It is only in so far as it is in accordance with the order of nature that it can be useful or sound." (William Fleming, "Vocabulary of philosophy, mental, moral, and metaphysical; with quotations and references; for the use of students", 1857) 

"The pursuit of mathematical science makes its votary appear singularly indifferent to the ordinary interests and cares of men. Seeking eternal truths, and finding his pleasures in the realities of form and number, he has little interest in the disputes and contentions of the passing hour. His views on social and political questions partake of the grandeur of his favorite contemplations, and, while careful to throw his mite of influence on the side of right and truth, he is content to abide the workings of those general laws by which he doubts not that the fluctuations of human history are as unerringly guided as are the perturbations of the planetary hosts." (Thomas Hill, "The Imagination in Mathematics", The North American Review Vol. 85 (176), 1857)

"Although the astronomer has achieved many successes in studying comets, yet these objects still remain outside the surveyed fields of astronomy - now, as in the old days when men spoke of sun and moon, planet and stars, as including all the members of the heavenly host." (Richard A Proctor, "The Twentieth Century, Whence Came the Comets?", Vol. 29 (111), 1886)

🌌On Cosmology: On Planets (1800-1849)

"Nothong is more simple than the plan of the Solar System: we have only to conceive the Sun in one of the focuses of the eliptic orbits, Which the planets and comets describe around him. We will bestow our chief attention on comets, as on them will depend all the merit of novelty to be found in the following theory." (Johann H Lambert, "The System of the World", 1800)

"Surrounded as we are by an infinite variety of phenomena, which continually succeed each other in the heavens and on the earth, philosophers have succeeded in recognizing the small number of general laws to which matter is subject in its motions. To them, all nature is obedient; and everything is as necessarily derived from them, as the return of the seasons; so that the curve which is described by the lightest atom that seems to be driven at random by the winds, is regulated by laws as certain as those which confine the planets to their orbits." (Pierre-Simon Laplace, "System of the World" Vol. 1, 1809)

"The perturbations which the motions of planets suffer from the influence other planets, are so small and so slow that they only become sensible after a long interval of time; within a shorter time, or even within one or several revolutions, according to circumstances, the motion would differ so little from motion exactly described, according to the laws of Kepler, in a perfect ellipse, that observations cannot show the difference. As long as this is true, it not be worth while to undertake prematurely the computation of the perturbations, but it will be sufficient to adapt to the observations what we may call an osculating conic section: but, afterwards, when the planet has been observed for a longer time, the effect of the perturbations will show itself in such a manner, that it will no longer be possible to satisfy exactly all the observations by a purely elliptic motion; then, accordingly, a complete and permanent agreement cannot be obtained, unless the perturbations are properly connected with the elliptic motion." (Carl F Gauss, "Theoria motus corporum coelestium in sectionibus conicis solem ambientium", 1809) 

"The chemical compounds are comparable to a system of planets in that the atoms are held together by chemical affinity. They may be more or less numerous, simple or complex in composition, and in the constitution of the materials, they play the same role as Mars and Venus do in our planetary system, or the compound members such as our earth with its moon, or Jupiter with its satellites. [...] If in such a system a particle is replaced by one of different character, the equilibrium can persist, and then the new compound will exhibit properties similar to those shown by the original substance." (Jean-Baptiste-André Dumas, "Mémoire sur la loi des substitutions et la théorie des types" [*Memoir on the Law of Substitutions and the Theory of Types"], 1810)

"Physical astronomy is the science which compares and identifies the laws of motion observed on earth with the motions that take place in the heavens; and which traces, by an uninterrupted chain of deduction from the great principle that governs the universe, the revolutions and rotations of the planets, and the oscillations of the fluids at their surfaces; and which estimates the changes the system has hitherto undergone, or may hereafter experience - changes which require millions of years for their accomplishment." (Mary Somerville, "The Connection of the Physical Sciences", 1834)

"We can allow satellites, planets, suns, universe, nay whole systems of universe to be governed by laws, but the smallest insect, we wish to be created at once by special act […] Our faculties are more fitted to recognize the wonderful structure of a beetle than a Universe." (Charles Darwin, "Notebook N", 1838)

"If proof were wanted of the inexhaustible fertility of astronomical science in points of novelty and interest, it would suffice to adduce the addition to the list of members of our system of no less than eight new planets and satellites during the preparation of these sheets for the press." (John F W Herschel,"Outlines of Astronomy", 1849)

🌌On Cosmology: On Planets (1975-1999)

"Apart from an understanding of the solar system as a whole, it is becoming clear that information about any planet or satellite illuminates our knowledge of the others. In particular, if we are to understand the Earth, we must have a comprehensive knowledge of the other planets."(Carl Sagan,"The Solar System", Scientific American Vol. 233 (3), 1975)

"Each of the major sciences has contributed an essential ingredient in our long retreat from an initial belief in our own cosmic importance. Astronomy defined our home as a small planet tucked away in one corner of an average galaxy among millions; biology took away our status as paragons created in the image of God; geology gave us the immensity of time and taught us how little of it our own species has occupied." (Stephen J Gould, "Uniformity and Catastrophe", 1977)

"It is unscientific to say that within the many billions of galactic systems, ours is the only planet that supports life in advanced form. Nature shuns one of a kind as much as it abhors a vacuum. Given infinite time and space, anything that occurs at one place or time in the universe will occur elsewhere or ‘elsewhen’." (Norman Cousins, "Rendezvous with Infinity", Cosmic Search Magazine Vol. 1 (1), 1979)

"To call a model an idealization is to suggest that the model is a simplification of what occurs in reality, usually a simplification which omits some relevant features, such as the extended mass of the planets or, in the example of the circuit model, the resistance in the bypass capacitor. Sometimes the omitted factors make only an insignificant contribution to the effect under study. But that does not seem to be essential to idealizations, especially to the idealizations that in the end are applied by engineers to study real things. In calling something an idealization it seems not so important that the contributions from omitted factors be small, but that they be ones for which we know how to correct. If the idealization is to be of use, when the time comes to apply it to a real system we had better know how to add back the contributions of the factors that have been left out. In that case the use of idealizations does not seem to counter realism: either the omitted factors do not matter much, or in principle we know how to treat them." (Nancy Cartwright, "How the Laws of Physics Lie", 1983)

"A law explains a set of observations; a theory explains a set of laws. […] a law applies to observed phenomena in one domain (e.g., planetary bodies and their movements), while a theory is intended to unify phenomena in many domains. […] Unlike laws, theories often postulate unobservable objects as part of their explanatory mechanism." (John L Casti, "Searching for Certainty: How Scientists Predict the Future", 1990)

"In practice, the intelligibility of the world amounts to the fact that we find it to be algorithmically compressible. We can replace sequences of facts and observational data by abbreviated statements which contain the same information content. These abbreviations we often call 'laws of Nature.' If the world were not algorithmically compressible, then there would exist no simple laws of nature. Instead of using the law of gravitation to compute the orbits of the planets at whatever time in history we want to know them, we would have to keep precise records of the positions of the planets at all past times; yet this would still not help us one iota in predicting where they would be at any time in the future. This world is potentially and actually intelligible because at some level it is extensively algorithmically compressible. At root, this is why mathematics can work as a description of the physical world. It is the most expedient language that we have found in which to express those algorithmic compressions." (John D Barrow, "New Theories of Everything", 1991)

"There is a multilayering of global networks in the key strategic activities that structure and destructure the planet. When these multilayered networks overlap in some node, when there is a node that belongs to different networks, two major consequences follow. First, economies of synergy between these different networks take place in that node: between financial markets and media businesses; or between academic research and technology development and innovation; between politics and media." (Manuel Castells, "The Rise of the Network Society", 1996)

🌌On Cosmology: On Planets (2000-)

"The mathematics of physics resides in physical phenomena themselves - there are ellipses in the elliptical orbits of the planets, fractals in the fractal shapes of leaves and branches, logarithms in the logarithmic spirals of snails. This means that 'the books of nature is written in mathematics', which implies that the language of mathematics is the language of nature and that only those who lznow mathematics can truly understand nature." (George Lakoff & Rafael E Nuñez, "Where Mathematics Come From: How the Embodied Mind Brings Mathematics into Being", 2000)

"In string theory one studies strings moving in a fixed classical spacetime. […] what we call a background-dependent approach. […] One of the fundamental discoveries of Einstein is that there is no fixed background. The very geometry of space and time is a dynamical system that evolves in time. The experimental observations that energy leaks from binary pulsars in the form of gravitational waves - at the rate predicted by general relativity to the […] accuracy of eleven decimal place - tell us that there is no more a fixed background of spacetime geometry than there are fixed crystal spheres holding the planets up." (Lee Smolin, "Loop Quantum Gravity", The New Humanists: Science at the Edge, 2003)

"General relativity explains gravitation as a curvature, or bending, or warping, of the geometry of space-time, produced by the presence of matter. Free fall in a space shuttle around Earth, where space is warped, produces weightlessness, and is equivalent from the observer's point of view to freely moving in empty space where there is no large massive body producing curvature. In free fall we move along a 'geodesic' in the curved space-time, which is essentially a straight-line motion over small distances. But it becomes a curved trajectory when viewed at large distances. This is what produces the closed elliptical orbits of planets, with tiny corrections that have been correctly predicted and measured. Planets in orbits are actually in free fall in a curved space-time!" (Leon M Lederman & Christopher T Hill, "Symmetry and the Beautiful Universe", 2004)

"The calculus is a theory of continuous change - processes that move smoothly and that do not stop, jerk, interrupt themselves, or hurtle over gaps in space and time. The supreme example of a continuous process in nature is represented by the motion of the planets in the night sky as without pause they sweep around the sun in elliptical orbits; but human consciousness is also continuous, the division of experience into separate aspects always coordinated by some underlying form of unity, one that we can barely identify and that we can describe only by calling it continuous." (David Berlinski, "Infinite Ascent: A short history of mathematics", 2005)

"At all events, our world pictures may have components of all three kinds: perceptual, conceptual, and praxiological (action-theoretical).  This is because there are three gates to the outer world: perception, conception, and action. However, ordinarily only one or two of them need be opened: combinations of all three, as in building a house according to a blueprint, are the exception.  We may contemplate a landscape without forming either a conceptual model of it or a plan to act upon it.  And we may build a theoretical model of an imperceptible thing, such as an invisible extrasolar planet, on which we cannot act." (Mario Bunge, "Chasing Reality: Strife over Realism", 2006)

"Physicists use mathematics to study what they amusingly call the real world. It is real, in a sense, but much of physics addresses rather artificial aspects of reality, such as a lone electron or a solar system with only one planet. Physicists are often scathing about proofs, partly out of fear, but also because experiment gives them a very effective way to check their assumptions and calculations." (Ian Stewart, "Letters to a Young Mathematician", 2006)

"Differential equations have found their way into all areas of physics from the motion of planets around the Sun to standing waves on a rope or a drum, to electrical properties of conductors, and the behavior of electromagnetic fields and beyond. As is always the case, no mathematics can draw more attention than that which deals directly with Nature. The urgency of finding solutions to these differential equations prompted many mathematicians of the latter part of the eighteenth and the beginning of the nineteenth centuries to concentrate heavily on certain specific differential equations. It appeared that every differential equation dictated by Nature gave rise to a new function. The most common scheme for solving these differential equations was to assume a power series solution, substitute the assumed solution in the differential equation, and determine the (unknown) coefficients from the resulting equality of power series." (Sadri Hassani, "Mathematical Methods: For Students of Physics and Related Fields", 2009)

"One of the great advantages of vectors is their ability to express results independent of any specific coordinate systems. Physical laws are always coordinate-independent. For example, when we write F = ma both F and a could be expressed in terms of Cartesian, spherical, cylindrical, or any other convenient coordinate system. This independence allows us the freedom to choose the coordinate systems most convenient for the problem at hand. For example, it is extremely difficult to solve the planetary motions in Cartesian coordinates, while the use of spherical coordinates facilitates the solution of the problem tremendously." (Sadri Hassani, "Mathematical Methods: For Students of Physics and Related Fields", 2009)

"Standard economists don't seem to understand exponential growth. Ecological economics recognizes that the economy, like any other subsystem on the planet, cannot grow forever. And if you think of an organism as an analogy, organisms grow for a period and then they stop growing. They can still continue to improve and develop, but without physically growing, because if organisms did that you’d end up with nine-billion-ton hamsters." (Robert Costanza, "What is Ecological economics", 2010)

"Probability is often expressed using large but finite numbers: ‘one in a thousand’, ‘one in a million’. But perhaps the probability of life, intelligent life, appearing somewhere in our universe is infinitesimal. If so, a universe would need infinitely many planets to produce even a finite number of civilisations (i.e., one)." (Daniel Tammet, "Thinking in Numbers" , 2012)

"The goal of physics is to explain the workings of the nonliving world. At first, philosophers described the properties of real objects: the wandering of planets across the night sky, the formation of ice, or the sound of a lyre. When attention turned to things that couldn’t be seen or measured so easily, physicists invented mechanical models to take the place of real things." (Hans C von Baeyer, "QBism: The future of quantum physics", 2016)

📓On Literature: On Satellites

"They have likewise discovered two lesser stars, or satellites, which revolve about Mars, whereof the innermost is distant from the centre of the primary planet exactly three of his diameters, and the outermost five; the former revolves in the space of ten hours, and the latter in twenty one and a half." (Jonathan Swift, "Gulliver's Travels", 1726)

"Thanks to the courage and devotion of three men, this project of sending a bullet to the moon, once seen as a futile enterprise, had already produced concrete results, with incalculable consequences. The voyagers, imprisoned in their new satellite, had not reached their destination, but at least they had become part of the lunar world; they were in orbit around the celebrity of the night, and, for the first time, the human eye could penetrate all her mysteries." (Jules Verne, "From the Earth to the Moon", 1865)

"Nothing can be prettier than to see the movement, in perfectly harmonic relations, of planets round their centres, of satellites around planets, of suns, with their planets and satellites, around their centres, and of these in turn around theirs. And to persons who have loved earth as much as I do, and who, while at school there, have studied other worlds and stars, then distant, as carefully as I have, nothing, as I say, can be more charming than to see at once all this play and interplay; to see comets passing from system to system, warming themselves now at one white sun, and then at a party-colored double; to see the people on them changing customs and costumes as they change their light, and to hear their quaint discussions as they justify the new and ridicule the old." (Edward E Hale, "Hands Off", 1881)

"On the earth, satellite of a star speeding through space, living things had arisen under the influence of conditions which were part of the planet's history; and as there had been a beginning of life upon it, so, under the influence of other conditions, there would be an end: man, no more significant than other forms of life, had come not as the climax of creation but as a physical reaction to the environment." (W Somerset Maugham, "Of Human Bondage", 1915)

"I get so scared sometimes. The suddenness of our age! Electronics, rockets, earth satellites, supersonic flight, and now this. It's not so much who invents them. It's the fact they exist. […] Everything's going so fast, I'm just not ready to take it all in. It's, it's all so quick." (James Clavel, "The Fly", [adapted from a 1957 short story by George Langelaan] 1958)

"The Solar System, comprising the nine known worlds of our Sun and their numerous satellites, is a relatively compact structure, a snug little celestial oasis in an endless desert." (Arthur C Clarke, "The Challenge of the Spaceship", 1959) 

"[...] we know now that comet and asteroid impacts have changed history, and soon we will have the technology to avert that disaster. [...] the dinosaurs became extinct because they didn’t have a space program." (Arthur C Clarke, Discover Magazine, [Interview] 1999)

🌌On Cosmology: On Satellites

"The smallest planets are situated nearest the sun and each other; whereas Jupiter and Saturn, that are vastly greater than the rest, and have many satellites about them, are wisely removed to the extreme regions of the system, and placed at an immense distance one from the other." (Richard Bentley, “A Confutation of Atheism from the Origin and Frame of the World",  "Boyle Lecture sermon", 1692)

"Astronomy has already made an important step, in making us acquainted with the motion of the Earth, and the epicycles which the Moon and the satellites describe on the orbits of their respective planets. But if ages were necessary in order to know the motions of the planetary system, what a great length of time must be required for the determination of the motions of the Sun and the stars; notwithstanding this, such motions appear to be already indicated by observations." (Pierre-Simon Laplace, "Exposition du système du monde" ["Exposition of the System of the World"], 1796) 

"We can allow satellites, planets, suns, universe, nay whole systems of universe to be governed by laws, but the smallest insect, we wish to be created at once by special act […] Our faculties are more fitted to recognize the wonderful structure of a beetle than a Universe." (Charles Darwin, "Notebook N", 1838)

"If proof were wanted of the inexhaustible fertility of astronomical science in points of novelty and interest, it would suffice to adduce the addition to the list of members of our system of no less than eight new planets and satellites during the preparation of these sheets for the press." (John F W Herschel,"Outlines of Astronomy", 1849)

"Like a shower of stars the worlds whirl, borne along by the winds of heaven, and are carried down through immensity, suns, earths, satellites, comets, shooting stars, humanities, cradles, graves, atoms of the infi nite, seconds of eternity, perpetually transform beings and things." (Camille Flammarion, "Popular Astronomy: A General Description of the Heavens", 1899)

"To place one’s feet on the soil of asteroids, to lift a stone from the moon with your hand, to construct moving stations in ether space, to organize inhabited rings around Earth, moon and sun, to observe Mars at the distance of several tens of miles, to descend to its satellites or even to its own surface - what could be more insane! However, only at such a time when reactive devices are applied, will a great new era begin in astronomy: the era of more intensive study of the heavens." (Konstantin E Tsiolkovsky,"The Exploration of Cosmic Space by Means of Reaction Devices", 1903

"From the smallest satellite slave of the smallest star to the largest super-galaxy of worlds in space, everything bows to the first law of nature. Chaos and caprice do not exist." (John H Bradley Jr, "Parade of the Living", 1930)

"The satellite is a natural extension of rockets, which are natural extensions of planes and balloons, which are natural extensions of man's climbing trees and mountains in order to get up higher and thus have a better view." (James Van Allen, "Science: Reach Into Space", Time, 1959) 

"The Solar System, comprising the nine known worlds of our Sun and their numerous satellites, is a relatively compact structure, a snug little celestial oasis in an endless desert." (Arthur C Clarke, "The Challenge of the Spaceship", 1959)

"Apart from an understanding of the solar system as a whole, it is becoming clear that information about any planet or satellite illuminates our knowledge of the others. In particular, if we are to understand the Earth, we must have a comprehensive knowledge of the other planets."(Carl Sagan,"The Solar System", Scientific American Vol. 233 (3), 1975)

"New computer calculations, based on observations from the Voyager satellites and ground-based telescopes, show that just about every moon except the earth's-has experienced millions of years [sic] chaotic tumbling. A tumbling moon falls end over end, twists sideways, speeds up, slowsdown, all the time obeying Newton's completely deterministic laws of motion, yet defy [sic] prediction in a way that scientists used to consider impossible." (James Gleick, 1987)

"A law explains a set of observations; a theory explains a set of laws. […] a law applies to observed phenomena in one domain (e.g., planetary bodies and their movements), while a theory is intended to unify phenomena in many domains. […] Unlike laws, theories often postulate unobservable objects as part of their explanatory mechanism." (John L Casti, "Searching for Certainty: How Scientists Predict the Future", 1990)

"[...] we know now that comet and asteroid impacts have changed history, and soon we will have the technology to avert that disaster. [...] the dinosaurs became extinct because they didn’t have a space program." (Arthur C Clarke, Discover Magazine, [Interview] 1999) 

"In every language, from Arabic to Zulu to calligraphy to shorthand to math to music to art to wrought stone, everything from the Unified Field Theory to a curse to a sixpenny nail to an orbiting satellite, anything expressed is a net around some idea." (Richard Bach, "One", 1988)

📡On Technology: On Radio-Television

"One ought to be ashamed to make use of the wonders of science embodied in a radio set, the while appreciating them as little as a cow appreciates the botanic marvels in the plants she munches." (Albert Einstein, [remarks opening the Seventh German Radio Exhibition at Berlin] 1930)

"Typography is not only a technology but is in itself a natural resource or staple, like cotton or timber or radio; and, like any staple, it shapes not only private sense ratios but also patterns of communal interdependence." (Marshall McLuhan, "The Gutenberg Galaxy", 1962)

"Although the medium is the message, the controls go beyond programming. The restraints are always directed to the content, which is always another medium. The content of the press is literary statement, as the content of the book is speech, and the content of the movie is the novel. So the effects of radio are quite independent of its programming."  (Marshall McLuhan, "Understanding Media", 1964)

"If we sit and talk in a dark room, words suddenly aquire new meanings and different textures... and on the radio. Given only the sound of a play, we have to fill in all of the senses, not just the sight of the action. So much do-it-yourself, or completion and closure of action, develops a kind of independent isolation in the young that makes them remote and inaccessible." (Marshall McLuhan, "Understanding Media", 1964)

"Radio comes to us ostensibly with person to person directness that is private and intimate, while in more urgent fact, it is really a subliminal echo chamber of magic power to touch remote and forgotten chords." (Marshall McLuhan, "Understanding Media", 1964)

"The message of radio is one of violent, unified implosion and resonance." (Marshall McLuhan, "Understanding Media", 1964) 

"To the optical astronomer, radio data serves like a good dog on a hunt." (Fred Hoyle, "Galaxies, Nuclei and Quasars". 1965) 

"The important prediction is not the automobile, but the parking problem; not radio, but the soap opera; not the income tax, but the expense account; not the Bomb, but the nuclear stalemate." (Isaac Asimov, "From earth to heaven", 1972)

"It is a striking thought that ten years of radio astronomy have taught humanity more about the creation and organization of the universe than thousands of years of religion and philosophy." (Paul Davies, "Space and Time in the Modern Universe", 1977) 

"The total amount of energy from outside the solar system ever received by all the radio telescopes on the planet Earth is less than the energy of a single snowflake striking the ground." (Carl Sagan, "Cosmos" 1980)

"Television contracts the imagination and radio expands it." (Terry Wogan, Observer, 1984) 

"While amplitude damped spark gap radio waves are suitable for transmitting keyed on-off coded signals, such waves are not suitable for voice (or music) transmission. The reason for this can be understood once it is realized that for information to be transmitted it is necessary for something to change. If nothing changes, then the receiver of the signals can predict with perfect accuracy what the future nature of the signals will be - exactly what they werel It is unnecessary, actually, to transmit anything if nothing changes." (Paul J Nahin, "The Science of Radio", 1995)

"The mind is more powerful than any imaginable particle accelerator, more sensitive than any radio receiver or the largest optical telescope, more complete in its grasp of information than any computer: the human body- its organs, its voice, its powers of locomotion, and its imagination- is a more-than-sufficient means for the exploration of any place, time or energy level in the universe." (Terence McKenna,"True Hallucinations: And, the Archaic Revival", 1998)

"New ways of seeing can disclose new things: the radio telescope revealed quasars and pulsars, and the scanning electron microscope showed the whiskers of the dust mite. But turn the question around: Do new things make for new ways of seeing?" (William L Heat-Moon,"Blue Highways: A Journey into America", 2012)