"A statistical estimate may be good or bad, accurate or the reverse; but in almost all cases it is likely to be more accurate than a casual observer’s impression, and the nature of things can only be disproved by statistical methods." (Arthur L Bowley, "Elements of Statistics", 1901)
"Great numbers are not counted correctly to a unit, they are estimated; and we might perhaps point to this as a division between arithmetic and statistics, that whereas arithmetic attains exactness, statistics deals with estimates, sometimes very accurate, and very often sufficiently so for their purpose, but never mathematically exact." (Arthur L Bowley, "Elements of Statistics", 1901)
"Some of the common ways of producing a false statistical argument are to quote figures without their context, omitting the cautions as to their incompleteness, or to apply them to a group of phenomena quite different to that to which they in reality relate; to take these estimates referring to only part of a group as complete; to enumerate the events favorable to an argument, omitting the other side; and to argue hastily from effect to cause, this last error being the one most often fathered on to statistics. For all these elementary mistakes in logic, statistics is held responsible." (Arthur L Bowley, "Elements of Statistics", 1901)
"[…] statistics is the science of the measurement of the social organism, regarded as a whole, in all its manifestations." (Arthur L Bowley, "Elements of Statistics", 1901)
"Statistics may rightly be called the science of averages. […] Great numbers and the averages resulting from them, such as we always obtain in measuring social phenomena, have great inertia. […] It is this constancy of great numbers that makes statistical measurement possible. It is to great numbers that statistical measurement chiefly applies." (Arthur L Bowley, "Elements of Statistics", 1901)
"Statistics may, for instance, be called the science of counting. Counting appears at first sight to be a very simple operation, which any one can perform or which can be done automatically; but, as a matter of fact, when we come to large numbers, e.g., the population of the United Kingdom, counting is by no means easy, or within the power of an individual; limits of time and place alone prevent it being so carried out, and in no way can absolute accuracy be obtained when the numbers surpass certain limits." (Arthur L Bowley, "Elements of Statistics", 1901)
"By [diagrams] it is possible to present at a glance all the facts which could be obtained from figures as to the increase, fluctuations, and relative importance of prices, quantities, and values of different classes of goods and trade with various countries; while the sharp irregularities of the curves give emphasis to the disturbing causes which produce any striking change." (Arthur L Bowley, "A Short Account of England's Foreign Trade in the Nineteenth Century, its Economic and Social Results", 1905)
"Of itself an arithmetic average is more likely to conceal than to disclose important facts; it is the nature of an abbreviation, and is often an excuse for laziness." (Arthur L Bowley, "The Nature and Purpose of the Measurement of Social Phenomena", 1915)
"[...] the problems of the errors that arise in the process of sampling have been chiefly discussed from the point of view of the universe, not of the sample; that is, the question has been how far will a sample represent a given universe? The practical question is, however, the converse: what can we infer about a universe from a given sample? This involves the difficult and elusive theory of inverse probability, for it may be put in the form, which of the various universes from which the sample may a priori have been drawn may be expected to have yielded that sample?" (Arthur L Bowley, "Elements of Statistics. 5th Ed., 1926)
"Statistics are numerical statements of facts in any department of inquiry, placed in relation to each other; statistical methods are devices for abbreviating and classifying the statements and making clear the relations." (Arthur L Bowley, "An Elementary Manual of Statistics", 1934)
"Averages are statistical constants which enable us to comprehend in a single effort the
significance of the whole." (Arthur L Bowley)
"Dispersion is the measure of the variation of the items." (Arthur L Bowley)
"Great numbers and averages resulting from them, such as we always obtain in measuring social phenomena, have a great inertia." (Arthur L Bowley)
"[tabulation is] the intermediate process between the accumulation of data in whatever form they are obtained, and the final reasoned account of the result shown by the statistics." (Arthur L Bowley)
"The discussion of proper weights to be used has occupied a space in statistical literature out of all proportions to its significance, for it may be said at once that no great importance need be attached to the special choice of weights ; one of the most convenient facts of statistical theory is that, given certain conditions, the same result is obtained with sufficient closeness whatever logical system of weights is applied." (Arthur L Bowley)
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