10 January 2019

Models in Physics

“Physics is the attempt at the conceptual construction of a model of the real world and its lawful structure.” (Albert Einstein, [letter to Moritz Schlick] 1931)

“The atomic theory plays a part in physics similar to that of certain auxiliary concepts in mathematics: it is a mathematical model for facilitating the mental reproduction of facts.” (Ernst Mach, “The Science of Mechanics” 5th Ed, 1942)

“All great discoveries in experimental physics have been due to the intuition of men who made free use of models, which were for them not products of the imagination, but representatives of real things.” (Max Born, “Physical Reality”, Philosophical Quarterly, Vol. 3, 1953)

"Pedantry and sectarianism aside, the aim of theoretical physics is to construct mathematical models such as to enable us, from the use of knowledge gathered in a few observations, to predict by logical processes the outcomes in many other circumstances. Any logically sound theory satisfying this condition is a good theory, whether or not it be derived from 'ultimate' or 'fundamental' truth. It is as ridiculous to deride continuum physics because it is not obtained from nuclear physics as it would be to reproach it with lack of foundation in the Bible." (Clifford Truesdell & Walter Noll, "The Non-Linear Field Theories of Mechanics", 1965)

“The pre-eminence of astronomy rests on the peculiarity that it can be treated mathematically; and the progress of physics, and most recently biology, has hinged equally on finding formulations of their laws that can be displayed as mathematical models.” (Jacob Bronowski, “The Ascent of Man”, 1973)

“Here is one way to look at physics: the physicists are men looking for new interpretations of the Book of Nature. After each pedestrian period of normal science, they dream up a new model, a new picture, a new vocabulary, and then they announce that the true meaning of the Book has been discovered.” (Richard Rorty, “Philosophy as a Kind of Writing”, 1978)

“[…] the more you see how strangely Nature behaves, the harder it is to make a model that explains how even the simplest phenomena actually work. So theoretical physics has given up on that.” (Richard P Feynman, “QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter”, 1985)

“Physicists are all too apt to look for the wrong sorts of generalizations, to concoct theoretical models that are too neat, too powerful, and too clean. Not surprisingly, these seldom fit well with data. To produce a really good biological theory, one must try to see through the clutter produced by evolution to the basic mechanisms. What seems to physicists to be a hopelessly complicated process may have been what nature found simplest, because nature could build on what was already there.” (Francis H C Crick, “What Mad Pursuit?: A Personal View of Scientific Discovery”, 1988)

“Even if there is only one possible unified theory, it is just a set of rules and equations. What is it that breathes fire into the equations and makes a universe for them to describe? The usual approach of science of constructing a mathematical model cannot answer the questions of why there should be a universe for the model to describe. Why does the universe go to all the bother of existing?” (Stephen W Hawking, “A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bang to Black Holes”, 1988)

“Physicists’ models are like maps: never final, never complete until they grow as large and complex as the reality they represent.” (James Gleick, “Genius”, 1992)

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