12 March 2022

On Analysis: On Infinitesimals (1950-1999)

"No fact in the world is instant, infinitesimal and ultimate, a single mark. There are, I hold, no atomic facts. In the language of science, every fact is a field - a crisscross of implications, those that lead to it and those that lead from it. […] We condense the laws around concepts. Science takes its coherence, its intellectual and imaginative strength together, from the concepts at which its laws cross, like knots in a mesh" (Jacob Bronowski, "Science and Human Values" 1956)

"Our psyche is set up in accord with the structure of the universe, and what happens in the macrocosm likewise happens in the infinitesimal and most subjective reaches of the psyche." (Carl G Jung, "Memories, dreams, reflections", 1962)

"Even the simplest calculation in the purest mathematics can have terrible consequences. Without the invention of the infinitesimal calculus most of our technology would have been impossible." (Stanislaw M Ulam, "Adventures of a Mathematician", 1976)

"The world of science lives fairly comfortably with paradox. We know that light is a wave and also that light is a particle. The discoveries made in the infinitely small world of particle physics indicate randomness and chance, and I do not find it any more difficult to live with the paradox of a universe of randomness and chance and a universe of pattern and purpose than I do with light as a wave and light as a particle. Living with contradiction is nothing new to the human being." (Madeline L'Engle, "Two-Part Invention: The Story of a Marriage", 1988)

"Mathematics […] is mired in a language of symbols foreign to most of us, [it] explores regions of the infinitesimally small and the infinitely large that elude words, much less understanding." (Robert Kanigel, "The Man Who Knew Infinity", 1991)

"The inflationary period of expansion does not smooth out irregularity by entropy-producing processes like those explored by the cosmologies of the seventies. Rather it sweeps the irregularity out beyond the Horizon of our visible Universe, where we cannot see it . The entire universe of stars and galaxies on view to us. […] on this hypothesis, is but the reflection of a minute, perhaps infinitesimal, portion of the universe's initial conditions, whose ultimate extent and structure must remain forever unknowable to us. A theory of everything does not help here. The information contained in the observable part of the universe derives from the evolution of a tiny part of the initial conditions for the entire universe. The sum total of all the observations we could possibly make can only tell us about a minuscule portion of the whole." (John D Barrow, "Theories of Everything: The Quest for Ultimate Explanation", 1991)

"An essential difference between continuity and differentiability is whether numbers are involved or not. The concept of continuity is characterized by the qualitative property that nearby objects are mapped to nearby objects. However, the concept of differentiation is obtained by using the ratio of infinitesimal increments. Therefore, we see that differentiability essentially involves numbers." (Kenji Ueno & Toshikazu Sunada, "A Mathematical Gift, III: The Interplay Between Topology, Functions, Geometry, and Algebra", Mathematical World Vol. 23, 1996)

"[The black hole] teaches us that space can be crumpled like a piece of paper into an infinitesimal dot, that time can be extinguished like a blown-out flame, and that the laws of physics that we regard as 'sacred', as immutable, are anything but." (John A Wheeler & Kenneth Ford, "Geons, Black Holes & Quantum Foam: A Life in Physics", 1998)

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