15 June 2019

On Metaphysics (until 1699)

“Metaphysics is universal and is exclusively concerned with primary substance. […] And here we will have the science to study that which is, both in its essence and in the properties which, just as a thing that is, it has. […] That among entities there must be some cause which moves and combines things. […] There must then be a principle of such a kind that its substance is activity.” (Aristotle, “Metaphysics”, 340 BC)

“[…] he who wishes to attain to human perfection, must therefore first study Logic, next the various branches of Mathematics in their proper order, then Physics, and lastly Metaphysics.” (Moses Maimonides, “The Guide for the Perplexed”, 1190)

“When you understand physics, you have entered the hall; and when, after completing the study of natural philosophy, you master metaphysics, you have entered the innermost court and are with the king in the same palace.” (Moses Maimonides, “The Guide for the Perplexed”, 1190)

"That is better and more valuable which requires fewer, other circumstances being equal. [...] For if one thing were demonstrated from many and another thing from fewer equally known premises, clearly that is better which is from fewer because it makes us know quickly, just as a universal demonstration is better than particular because it produces knowledge from fewer premises. Similarly in natural science, in moral science, and in metaphysics the best is that which needs no premises and the better that which needs the fewer, other circumstances being equal." (Robert Grosseteste," Commentarius in Posteriorum Analyticorum Libros", cca. 1217–1220)

“Physic […] is situate in a middle term or distance between natural history and metaphysic. For natural history describes the variety of things; physic the causes, but variable or respective causes; and metaphysic the fixed and constant causes.” (Sir Francis Bacon, “The Advancement of Learning”, 1605)

“Reality cannot be found except in One single source, because of the interconnection of all things with one another. […] It is a good thing to proceed in order and to establish propositions (principles). This is the way to gain ground and to progress with certainty.” (Gottfried Leibniz, 1670)

"Only geometry can hand us the thread [which will lead us through] the labyrinth of the continuum's composition, the maximum and the minimum, the infinitesimal and the infinite; and no one will arrive at a truly solid metaphysics except he who has passed through this [labyrinth]." (Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, "Dissertatio Exoterica De Statu Praesenti et Incrementis Novissimis Deque Usu Geometriae", 1676)

“Blind metaphysical necessity, which is certainly the same always and everywhere, could produce no variety of things. All that diversity of natural things which we find suited to different times and places could arise from nothing but the ideas and will of a Being, necessarily existing.” (Isaac Newton, “The Principia: Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy”, 1687)

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