On Literature: On Continuity (From Fiction to Science-Fiction)

"What will not be forgotten, and what will and should continue to obsess our imaginations, is this revelation of the possibilities of the universe, this destruction of our ignorant self-complacency, and this demonstration of how narrow is the path of our material existence, and what abysses may lie upon either side of it. Solemnity and humility are at the base of all our emotions to-day. May they be the foundations upon which a more earnest and reverent race may build a more worthy temple." (Arthur C Doyle, "The Poison Belt", 1913)

"Everything in human society is being continually perfected - and should be." (Yevgeny Zamiatin, "We", 1924)

"The function of man’s highest faculty, his reason, consists precisely of the continuous limitation of infinity, the breaking up of infinity into convenient, easily digestible portions - differentials. This is precisely what lends my field, mathematics, its divine beauty." (Yevgeny Zamiatin, "We", 1924)

"All stories, if continued far enough, end in death, and he is no true-story teller who would keep that from you. Especially do all stories of monogamy end in death, and your man who is monogamous while he often lives most happily, dies in the most lonely fashion." (Ernest Hemingway, "Death in the Afternoon", 1932)

"Memory is not a passive filing cabinet, but a continuous process beneath the level of consciousness; in a way, you are always reliving your entire past." (Poul Anderson, "Journeys End", 1957)

"It was beyond him how someone could voluntarily let himself get involved in this game of dimension-shifting and mutant-battling. But it takes all sorts to make a continuum." (Robert Silverberg, "MUgwump 4" 1959)

"No live organism can continue for long to exist sanely under conditions of absolute reality; even larks and katydids are supposed, by some, to dream." (Shirley Jackson, "The Haunting of Hill House", 1959)

"Change is what’s boring, monotonous. Sameness is a continual challenge, almost impossible to maintain. Repetition, knowing that you’ve done it right before and can do it right again, is satisfying." (Robert Thurston, "Good-Bye, Shelley, Shirley, Charlotte, Charlene", 1972) 

"Well it's a matter of continuity. Most people's lives have ups and downs that are gradual, a sinuous curve with first derivatives at every point. They're the ones who never get struck by lightning. No real idea of cataclysm at all. But the ones who do get hit experience a singular point. a discontinuity in the curve of life - do you know what the time rate of change is at a cusp? Infinity, that's what! A-and right across the point, it's minus infinity! How's that for sudden change, eh?" (Thomas Pynehon, Gravity's Rainbow, 1973)

"A continuity exists between inert matter, through the grand design of the early universe, and intelligent life today. Now accepted by all, this cosmic perspective may be seen as a culmination of all the ancient religions." (Gregory Benford, "Starswarmer", 1978)

"It is change, continuing change, inevitable change, that is the dominant factor in society today. No sensible decision can be made any longer without taking into account not only the world as it is, but the world as it will be - and naturally this means that there must be an accurate perception of the world as it will be. This, in turn, means that our statesmen, our businessmen, our everyman must take on a science fictional way of thinking, whether he likes it or not, or even whether he knows it or not. Only so can the deadly problems of today be solved." (Isaac Asimov, [foreword to Robert Holdstock (Ed.), "Encyclopedia of Science Fiction] 1978)

"The whole fabric of the space-time continuum is not merely curved, it is in fact totally bent." (Douglas N Adams, "The Restaurant at the End of the Universe", 1980)

"It was one of those nights, I quickly decided, when you slip into an alternate continuum, a city that looks exactly like the one where you live, except for the peculiar difference that it contains not one person you love or know or have even spoken to before." (William Gibson, "The Winter Market", 1985)

"The second law of thermodynamics!: energy is indestructible in quantity but continually changes in form. And it always runs down like water." (Ernesto Cardenal, "Cosmic Canticle", 1993)

On Literature: On Discovery (From Fiction to Science-Fiction)

"He is not a true man of science who does not bring some sympathy to his studies, and expect to learn something by behavior as well as by application. It is childish to rest in the discovery of mere coincidences, or of partial and extraneous laws. The study of geometry is a petty and idle exercise of the mind if it is applied to no larger system than the starry one." (Henry D Thoreau, "A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers", 1849)

"My desire for knowledge is intermittent; but my desire to bathe my head in atmospheres unknown to my feet is perennial and constant. The highest that we can attain to is not Knowledge, but Sympathy with Intelligence. I do not know that this higher knowledge amounts to anything more definite than a novel and grand surprise on a sudden revelation of the insufficiency of all that we called Knowledge before - a discovery that there are more things in heaven and earth than are dreamed of in our philosophy. It is the lighting up of the mist by the sun." (Henry D Thoreau, "Walking", 1851)

"Consequently, these laws of nature need only be discovered, and then man will no longer be answerable for his actions, and his life will become extremely easy. Needless to say, all human actions will then be calculated according to these laws, mathematically, like a table of logarithms, up to 108,000, and entered into a calendar; or, better still, some well-meaning publications will appear, like the present-day encyclopedic dictionaries, in which everything will be so precisely calculated and designated that there will no longer be any actions or adventures in the world." (Fyodor Dostoevsky, "Notes from Underground", 1864)

"Phenomena may well be suspected of anything, are capable of anything. Hypothesis proclaims the infinite; that is what gives hypothesis its greatness. Beneath the surface fact it seeks the real fact. It asks creation for her thoughts, and then for her second thoughts. The great scientific discoverers are those who hold nature suspect." (Victor Hugo, "The Toilers of the Sea", 1866)

"The world is devoted to physical science, because it believes theses discoveries will increase its capacity of luxury and self-indulgence. But the pursuit of science only leads to the insoluble." (Benjamin Disraeli, "Lothair", 1870)

"A piece of scientific fiction is a narrative of an imaginary invention or discovery in the natural sciences and consequent adventures and experiences." (James O Bailey, "Pilgrims through Space and Time", 1947)

"The machine is only a tool after all, which can help humanity progress faster by taking some of the burdens of calculations and interpretations off its back. The task of the human brain remains what it has always been; that of discovering new data to be analyzed, and of devising new concepts to be tested." (Isaac Asimov, "I, Robot", 1950)

"The urge to explore, to discover, to ‘follow knowledge like a sinking star’, is a primary human impulse which needs and can receive no further justification than its own existence." (Arthur C. Clarke, "The Challenge of the Spaceship", 1959)

"The only way of discovering the limits of the possible is to venture a little way past them into the impossible." (Arthur C Clarke, "Profiles of the Future", 1962)

"There is not a discovery in science, however revolutionary, however sparkling with insight, that does not arise out of what went before." (Isaac Asimov, "Adding a Dimension", 1964)

"We cannot predict the new forces, powers, and discoveries that will be disclosed to us when we reach the other planets and set up new laboratories in space. They are as much beyond our vision today as fire or electricity would be beyond the imagination of a fish." (Arthur C Clarke, "Space and the Spirit of Man", 1965)

"Metaphysics attempts to discover the ultimate nature of reality, and in this sense, the innerspace of science fiction is metaphysical fiction." (Kate Wilhelm, 1974)

"There is a theory which states that if ever anyone discovers exactly what the Universe is for and why it is here, it will instantly disappear and be replaced by something even more bizarrely inexplicable. There is another theory which states that this has already happened." (Douglas Adams, "The Hitch-Hiker’s Guide to the Galaxy", [radio series episode] 1978) 

"It is only when science asks why, instead of simply describing how, that it becomes more than technology. When it asks why, it discovers Relativity. When it only shows how, it invents the atomic bomb." (Ursula K Le Guin, "Language of the Night", 1979)

"If we assume the existence of an omniscient and omnipotent being, one that knows and can do absolutely everything, then to my own very limited self, it would seem that existence for it would be unbearable. Nothing to wonder about? Nothing to ponder over? Nothing to discover? Eternity in such a heaven would surely be indistinguishable from hell." (Isaac Asimov, "'X' Stands for Unknown", 1984)

"Coincidence is just the word we use when we have not yet discovered the cause." (Orson Scott Card, "The Call Of Earth", 1992)

"The rationality of our universe is best suggested by the fact that we can discover more about it from any starting point, as if it were a fabric that will unravel from any thread." (George Zebrowski, "Is Science Rational?", OMNI Magazine, 1994)

On Literature: On Prediction (From Fiction to Science Fiction)

"[…] anybody with a genuine system of prediction would be using it, not selling it." (Philip K Dick, "Solar Lottery", 1955) 

"We cannot predict the new forces, powers, and discoveries that will be disclosed to us when we reach the other planets and set up new laboratories in space. They are as much beyond our vision today as fire or electricity would be beyond the imagination of a fish." (Arthur C Clarke, "Space and the Spirit of Man", 1965)

"You could not predict what would happen in a single instance, a single throw of the dice, a single pitch in the seventh inning, a single toss of the coin. But you could predict three out of five, four out of ten, seven out of sixteen, and to that extent chance governed everyone, all the time. Just as surely as two equals two." (Michael Crichton,"Odds On", 1966)

"When one culture has the big guns and the other has none, there is a certain predictability about the outcome." (Joanna Russ, ‘"When It Changed", 1972)

"All reality is a game. Physics at its most fundamental, the very fabric of our universe, results directly from the interaction of certain fairly simple rules, and chance; the same description may be applied to the best, most elegant and both intellectually and aesthetically satisfying games. By being unknowable, by resulting from events which, at the sub-atomic level, cannot be fully predicted, the future remains malleable, and retains the possibility of change, the hope of coming to prevail; victory, to use an unfashionable word. In this, the future is a game; time is one of its rules." (Iain Banks, "The Player of Games", 1988)

"Things rarely happen for a single reason. Even the cleverest and most skilled manipulators recognize that their real art lies in making use of that which they cannot predict." (Tom Clancy, "Debt of Honor", 1994)

"[...] you can’t stay committed to one pattern. It makes you too easy to predict." (Orson Scott Card, "First Meetings in Ender's Universe", 2002)

"Averages might mean something to bureaucrats and engineers, but the sea had no struck with statistics: it was a succession of unpredictable circumstances and extremes." (Frank Schätzing, "The Swarm", 2004)

On Systems (From Fiction to Science-Fiction)

"He is not a true man of science who does not bring some sympathy to his studies, and expect to learn something by behavior as well as by application. It is childish to rest in the discovery of mere coincidences, or of partial and extraneous laws. The study of geometry is a petty and idle exercise of the mind if it is applied to no larger system than the starry one." (Henry D Thoreau, "A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers", 1849)

"At the final stage you teach me that this wondrous and multicolored universe can be reduced to the atom and that the atom itself can be reduced to the electron. All this is good and I wait for you to continue. But you tell me of an invisible planetary system in which electrons gravitate around a nucleus. You explain this world to me with an image. I realize then that you have been reduced to poetry: I shall never know. Have I the time to become indignant? You have already changed theories. So that science that was to teach me everything ends up in a hypothesis, that lucidity founders in metaphor, that uncertainty is resolved in a work of art." (Albert Camus, "The Myth of Sisyphus", 1942)

"[…] anybody with a genuine system of prediction would be using it, not selling it." (Philip K Dick, "Solar Lottery", 1955)

 "Science fiction is, very strictly and literally, analogous to science facts. It is a convenient analog system for thinking about new scientific, social, and economic ideas - and for re-examining old ideas." (John W Campbell Jr., "Prologue to Analog", 1962)

"A system has order, flowing from point to point. If something dams that flow, order collapses. The untrained might miss that collapse until it was too late. That's why the highest function of ecology is the understanding of consequences." (Frank Herbert, "Dune", 1965)

"Beyond a critical point within a finite space, freedom diminishes as numbers increase. This is as true of humans as it is of gas molecules in a sealed flask. The human question is not how many can possibly survive within the system, but what kind of existence is possible for those who do survive." (Frank Herbert, "Dune", 1965)

"Science offers a sounder basis on which to formulate systems of thought and ethics." (Michael Moorcock, "Behold the Man", 1967)

"Deception, in a system of this sort, can be defined simply as entropy [...] And of course, entropy, or degradation of order, is avoided by all civilized beings, since no local increase in complexity can offset entropic effects in the larger matrix." (James Tiptree Jr, "Faithful to Thee, Terra, in Our Fashion" ["Parimutuel Planet"], Galaxy, 1969)

"To the paranoid, nothing is a surprise; everything happens exactly as he expected, and sometimes even more so. It all fits into his system. For us, though, there can be no system; maybe all systems - that is, any theoretical, verbal, symbolic, semantic, etc. formulation that attempts to act as an all-encompassing, all-explaining hypothesis of what the universe is about - are manifestations of paranoia. We should be content with the mysterious, the meaningless, the contradictory, the hostile, and most of all the unexplainably warm and giving." (Philip K Dick, "The Android and the Human", [speech] 1972)

"Thought is a matrix which engenders its own reality. The ideas, concepts, belief-systems that your ancestors trapped have become your trap." (Alfred A Attanasio, "Radix", 1981)

"Dangers lurk in all systems. Systems incorporate the unexamined beliefs of their creators. Adopt a system, accept its beliefs, and you help strengthen the resistance to change." (Frank Herbert, "God Emperor of Dune", 1984)

"Living systems are never in equilibrium. They are inherently unstable. They may seem stable, but they’re not. Everything is moving and changing. In a sense, everything is on the edge of collapse. (Michael Crichton, "Jurassic Park", 1990)

"The system of life on this planet is so astoundingly complex that it was a long time before man even realized that it was a system at all and that it wasn't something that was just there." (Douglas N Adams, "Last Chance to See", 1990)

"It is a concatenation of synergistic interactions; the whole system is on the period-doubling route to Chaos! [...] in layman’s terms, it means that everything gets twice as bad, twice as fast, until everything falls completely apart!" (William Gibson & Bruce Sterling, "The Difference Engine", 1991)

"Any information system of sufficient complexity will inevitably become infected with viruses - viruses generated from within itself." (Neal Stephenson, "Snow Crash", 1992)

"The thing the ecologically illiterate don't realize about an ecosystem is that it's a system. A system! A system maintains a certain fluid stability that can be destroyed by a misstep in just one niche." (Frank Herbert, "Dune: House Atreides", 1999)

On Literature: On Chaos (From Fiction to Science-Fiction)

"We naturally associate democracy, to be sure, with freedom of action, but freedom of action without freed capacity of thought behind it is only chaos." (John Dewey, "Democracy in Education", The Elementary School Teacher, 1903)

"Too little liberty brings stagnation, and too much brings chaos." (Bertrand Russell, "Authority and the Individual", 1949)

"We had our atomic wars - thousands of years ago. After that we fought with bows and arrows. Then, slowly, we learned that fighting is no solution - that aggression leads to chaos." (Edmund H North, "The Day the Earth Stood Still" [film script] 1951)

"He jaunted up the geodesic lines of space-time to an Elsewhere and an Elsewhen. He arrived in chaos. He hung in a precarious para-Now for a moment and then tumbled back into chaos." (Alfred Bester, "The Stars My Destination", 1956)

"In a chaotic universe, who expects justice?" (Raylyn Moore, "Trigononomy", 1973)

"It is a concatenation of synergistic interactions; the whole system is on the period-doubling route to Chaos! [...] in layman’s terms, it means that everything gets twice as bad, twice as fast, until everything falls completely apart!" (William Gibson & Bruce Sterling, "The Difference Engine", 1991)

"Storms of Cataclysm lashed the Cretaceous earth, vast fires raged, and cometary grit sifted through the roiling atmosphere, to blight and kill the wilting foliage, till the mighty Dinosauria, adapted to a world now shattered, fell in massed extinction, and the leaping machineries of Evolution were loosed in chaos, to re-populate the stricken Earth with strange new orders of being." (William Gibson & Bruce Sterling, "The Difference Engine", 1991)

"Chaos is found in greatest abundance wherever order is being sought. It always defeats order, because it is better organized." (Terry Pratchett, "Interesting Times", 1995)

"An elven trait, to believe that that government governs best which doesn’t govern at all. Chaos is more fun. Anarchy is the ideal." (Glen Cook, "Angry Lead Skies" 2002)

On Literature: On Analysis (From Fiction to Science-Fiction)

"The simplicity of nature is not that which may easily be read, but is inexhaustible. The last analysis can no wise be made." (Ralph W Emerson, "Essays, First Series", 1841)

"It requires a very unusual mind to undertake the analysis of the obvious." (Alfred N Whitehead,"Science in the Modern World", 1925)

"The double analysis kills the single analysis, and the treble kills the double, until at last a sufficiency of statistics comes very near to common sense." (Hilaire Belloc," The Silence of the Sea", 1940) 

"The machine is only a tool after all, which can help humanity progress faster by taking some of the burdens of calculations and interpretations off its back. The task of the human brain remains what it has always been; that of discovering new data to be analyzed, and of devising new concepts to be tested." (Isaac Asimov, "I, Robot", 1950)

"The evil are always foolish in the final analysis." (Gene Wolfe, "The Island of Doctor Death and Other Stories", 1970)

"A human being should be able to change a diaper, plan an invasion, butcher a hog, conn a ship, design a building, write a sonnet, balance accounts, build a wall, set a bone, comfort the dying, take orders, give orders, cooperate, act alone, solve equations, analyze a new problem, pitch manure, program a computer, cook a tasty meal, fight efficiently, die gallantly. Specialization is for insects." (Robert A Heinlein, "Time Enough for Love", 1973)

"So together they left the office and walked into the uncertainty of the rest of their lives. That, in the final analysis, is the great adventure in which each of us takes part; what more courageous thing is there, after all, than facing the unknown we all share, the danger and joy that awaits us in the unread pages of the Book of the Future [...]" (George Alec Effinger," The World of Pez Pavilion: Preliminary to the Groundbreaking Ceremony", 1983)

"The complexities of cause and effect defy analysis." (Douglas Adams, "Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency", 1987)

"Computers bootstrap their own offspring, grow so wise and incomprehensible that their communiqués assume the hallmarks of dementia: unfocused and irrelevant to the barely-intelligent creatures left behind. And when your surpassing creations find the answers you asked for, you can't understand their analysis and you can't verify their answers. You have to take their word on faith." (Peter Watts, "Blindsight", 2006)

On Literature: On Imagination (From Fiction to Science-Fiction)

"The limit of man's knowledge in any subject possesses a high interest which is perhaps increased by its close neighbourhood to the realms of imagination." (Charles Darwin, "Journal of Researches Into the Geology and Natural History of the Various Countries Visited by H.M.S. Beagle: Under the Command of Captain FitzRoy, R. N., from 1832-6", 1836) 

"There is a fifth dimension beyond that which is known to Man. It is a dimension as vast as space and as timeless as infinity. It is the middle ground between light and shadow, between science and superstition, and it lies between the pit of man’s fears and the summit of his knowledge. This is the dimension of imagination. It is an area which we call ... The Twilight Zone." (Rod Serling, "The Twilight Zone" [TV series] 1959)

"You’re traveling through another dimension, a dimension not only of sight and sound but of mind; a journey into a wondrous land whose boundaries are that of imagination. That’s the signpost up ahead - your next stop, The Twilight Zone." (Rod Serling, "The Twilight Zone", [opening narration] 1961)

"That perfected machines may one day succeed us is, I remember, an extremely commonplace notion on Earth. It prevails not only among poets and romantics but in all classes of society. Perhaps it is because it is so widespread, born spontaneously in popular imagination, that it irritates scientific minds. Perhaps it is also for this very reason that it contains a germ of truth. Only a germ: Machines will always be machines; the most perfected robot, always a robot." (Pierre Boulle, "Planet of the Apes", 1963)

"You unlock this door with the key of imagination. Beyond it is another dimension. A dimension of sound. A dimension of sight. A dimension of mind. You’re moving into a land of both shadow and substance, of things and ideas. You’ve just crossed over into The Twilight Zone." (Rod Serling, "The Twilight Zone", [opening narration] 1963)

"We cannot predict the new forces, powers, and discoveries that will be disclosed to us when we reach the other planets and set up new laboratories in space. They are as much beyond our vision today as fire or electricity would be beyond the imagination of a fish." (Arthur C Clarke, "Space and the Spirit of Man", 1965)

"The simple truth is that interstellar distances will not fit into the human imagination." (Douglas N Adams, "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy", 1979)

"The dreams of people are in the machines, a planet network of active imaginations hooked into their made-up, make-believe worlds. Artificial reality is taking over; it has its own children." (Storm Constantine, "Immaculate", 1991)

On Literature: On Knowledge (From Fiction to Science-Fiction)

"The limit of man's knowledge in any subject possesses a high interest which is perhaps increased by its close neighbourhood to the realms of imagination." (Charles Darwin, "Journal of Researches Into the Geology and Natural History of the Various Countries Visited by H.M.S. Beagle: Under the Command of Captain FitzRoy, R. N., from 1832-6", 1836

"My desire for knowledge is intermittent; but my desire to bathe my head in atmospheres unknown to my feet is perennial and constant. The highest that we can attain to is not Knowledge, but Sympathy with Intelligence. I do not know that this higher knowledge amounts to anything more definite than a novel and grand surprise on a sudden revelation of the insufficiency of all that we called Knowledge before - a discovery that there are more things in heaven and earth than are dreamed of in our philosophy. It is the lighting up of the mist by the sun." (Henry D Thoreau, "Walking", 1851)

"If the fresh facts which come to our knowledge all fit themselves into the scheme, then our hypothesis may gradually become a solution." (Arthur C Doyle, "The Adventure of Wisteria Lodge", 1908)

"Knowledge is the distilled essence of our intuitions, corroborated by experience." (Elbert Hubbard, "A Thousand & One Epigrams, 1911)

"As the traveller who has been once from home is wiser than he who has never left his own door step, so a knowledge of one other culture should sharpen our ability to scrutinise more steadily, to appreciate more lovingly, our own." (Margaret Mead, "Coming of Age in Samoa", 1928)

"A civilization is a heritage of beliefs, customs, and knowledge slowly accumulated in the course of centuries, elements difficult at times to justify by logic, but justifying themselves as paths when they lead somewhere, since they open up for man his inner distance." (Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, "Flight to Arras", 1942)

"Can any of us fix anything? No. None of us can do that. We're specialized. Each one of us has his own line, his own work. I understand my work, you understand yours. The tendency in evolution is toward greater and greater specialization. Man's society is an ecology that forces adaptation to it. Continued complexity makes it impossible for us to know anything outside our own personal field - I can't follow the work of the man sitting at the next desk over from me. Too much knowledge has piled up in each field. And there are too many fields." (Philip K. Dick, The Variable Man", 1952)

"There is a fifth dimension beyond that which is known to Man. It is a dimension as vast as space and as timeless as infinity. It is the middle ground between light and shadow, between science and superstition, and it lies between the pit of man’s fears and the summit of his knowledge. This is the dimension of imagination. It is an area which we call ... The Twilight Zone." (Rod Serling, "The Twilight Zone" [TV series] 1959)

"The meeting between ignorance and knowledge, between brutality and culture - it begins in the dignity with which we treat our dead." (Frank Herbert, "Dune", 1965)

"These dwarfs amass knowledge as others do treasure; for this reason they are called Hoarders of the Absolute. Their wisdom lies in the fact that they collect knowledge but never use it." (Stanislaw Lem, "How Erg the Self-Inducing Slew a Paleface", 1965)

"But you must not change one thing, one pebble, one grain of sand, until you know what good and evil will follow on that act. The world is in balance, in Equilibrium. […] It is dangerous, that power. [...] It must follow knowledge, and serve need." (Ursula K Le Guin, "A Wizard of Earthsea", 1968)

"Every judgment teeters on the brink of error. To claim absolute knowledge is to become monstrous. Knowledge is an unending adventure at the edge of uncertainty." (Frank Herbert, "Children of Dune", 1976)

"Their minds sang with the ecstatic knowledge that either what they were doing was completely and utterly and totally impossible or that physics had a lot of catching up to do." (Douglas Adams, "So Long, and Thanks for All the Fish", 1985)

"What is all your studying worth, all your learning, all your knowledge, if it doesn't lead to wisdom? And what's wisdom but knowing what is right, and what is the right thing to do?" (Iain Banks, "Use of Weapons", 1990)

"All knowledge is local, all truth is partial. [...] No truth can make another truth untrue. All knowledge is part of the whole knowledge. A true line, a true color. Once you have seen the larger pattern, you cannot get back to seeing the part as the whole." (Ursula K Le Guin, "A Man of the People", 1995)

On Literature: On Waves (From Fiction to Science-Fiction)

"A single thought is that which it is from other thoughts as a wave of the sea takes its form and shape from the waves which precede and follow it." (Samuel T Coleridge, "Letters", 1836)

"The waves of the sea, the little ripples on the shore, the sweeping curve of the sandy bay between the headlands, the outline of the hills, the shape of the clouds, all these are so many riddles of form, so many problems of morphology." (Sir D’Arcy W Thompson, "On Growth and Form", 1951)

"How beautifully simple is Wessel’s idea. Multiplying by √-1 is, geometrically, simply a rotation by 90 degrees in the counter clockwise sense [...] Because of this property √-1 is often said to be the rotation operator, in addition to being an imaginary number. As one historian of mathematics has observed, the elegance and sheer wonderful simplicity of this interpretation suggests 'that there is no occasion for anyone to muddle himself into a state of mystic wonderment over the grossly misnamed ‘imaginaries'. This is not to say, however, that this geometric interpretation wasn’t a huge leap forward in human understanding. Indeed, it is only the start of a tidal wave of elegant calculations." (Paul J Nahin, "An Imaginary Tale: The History of √-1", 1998)

"God created two acts of folly. First, He created the Universe in a Big Bang. Second, He was negligent enough to leave behind evidence for this act, in the form of the microwave radiation." (Paul Erdős)

"Reality is a wave function traveling both backward and forward in time." (John L Casti)

On Literature: On God (From Fiction to Science-Fiction)

"We know that there is an infinite, and we know not its nature. As we know it to be false that numbers are finite, it is therefore true that there is a numerical infinity. But we know not of what kind; it is untrue that it is even, untrue that it is odd; for the addition of a unit does not change its nature; yet it is a number, and every number is odd or even (this certainly holds of every finite number). Thus, we may quite well know that there is a God without knowing what He is." (Blaise Pascal, "Pensées", 1670)

"Sometimes the gods themselves forget the answers to their own riddles." (Edwin L. Arnold, "Lieut. Gullivar Jones: His Vacation", 1905)

"People believe in God because they’ve been conditioned to believe in God." (Aldous Huxley, "Brave New World", 1932)

"All perfection comes from within, and the perfection that is imposed from without is as frivolous and stupid as the trimmings on gingercake. The free man may be bad, but only the free man can be good. And all the kingdom and the power and the glory—call it of God, call it of Cosmos - must arise from the free will of man." (Anthony Boucher, "The Barrier", 1942)

"The gods do not speak the language of men, any more than men can speak the language of the gods." (Miriam Allen deFord, "The Apotheosis of Ki", 1956)

"Only the man who has had to face despair is really convinced that he needs mercy. Those who do not want mercy never seek it. It is better to find God on the threshold of despair than to risk our lives in a complacency that has never felt the need of forgiveness. A life that is without problems may literally be more hopeless than one that always verges on despair." (Thomas Merton, "No Man Is an Island", 1955)

"Man does not create gods, in spite of appearances. The times, the age, impose them on him." (Stanislaw Lem, "Solaris", 1961)

"If there are any gods whose chief concern is man, they cannot be very important gods." (Arthur C Clarke, "Rocket to the Renaissance", [revised version] 1962)

"To be an atheist is to maintain God." (Ursula K Le Guin, "The Left Hand of Darkness", 1969)

"I have seen God creating the cosmos, watching its growth, and finally destroying it." (Olaf Stapledon, "Nebula Maker", 1976)

"Man and the true God are identical—as the Logos and the true God are - but a lunatic blind creator and his screwed-up world separate man from God. That the blind creator sincerely imagines that he is the true God only reveals the extent of his occlusion." (Philip K Dick, "Valis", 1981)

"All the universe is just a dream in God's mind, and as long as he's asleep, he believes in it, and things stay real." (Orson Scott Card, "The Tales of Alvin Maker: Seventh Son", 1987)

"People needed to believe in gods, if only because it was so hard to believe in people." (Terry Pratchett, "Pyramids", 1989)

"God created two acts of folly. First, He created the Universe in a Big Bang. Second, He was negligent enough to leave behind evidence for this act, in the form of the microwave radiation." (Paul Erdős)