On Statistics (1930-1939)

"Statistics are the art of lying by means of figures." (Wilhelm Stekel,"Marriage at the Crossroads", 1931)

"Behind the adventurer, the speculator, comes that scavenger of adventurers, the statistician. […] The movement of the last hundred years is all in favor of the statistician." (Herbert G Wells, "The Work, Wealth and Happiness of Mankind", 1931)

"Progress in modifying our concept of control has been and will be comparatively slow. In the first place, it requires the application of certain modern physical concepts; and in the second place it requires the application of statistical methods which up to the present time have been for the most part left undisturbed in the journal in which they appeared." (Walter A Shewhart, "Economic Control of Quality of Manufactured Product", 1931)

"The definition of random in terms of a physical operation is notoriously without effect on the mathematical operations of statistical theory because so far as these mathematical operations are concerned random is purely and simply an undefined term. The formal and abstract mathematical theory has an independent and sometimes lonely existence of its own. But when an undefined mathematical term such as random is given a definite operational meaning in physical terms, it takes on empirical and practical significance. Every mathematical theorem involving this mathematically undefined concept can then be given the following predictive form: If you do so and so, then such and such will happen.(Walter A Shewhart, "Economic Control of Quality of Manufactured Product", 1931)

"The principle underlying sampling is that a set of objects taken at random from a larger group tends to reproduce the characteristics of that larger group: this is called the Law of Statistical Regularity. There are exceptions to this rule, and a certain amount of judgment must be exercised, especially when there are a few abnormally large items in the larger group. With erratic data, the accuracy of sampling can often be tested by comparing several samples. On the whole, the larger the sample the more closely will it tend to resemble the population from which it is taken; too small a sample would not give reliable results." (Lewis R Connor, "Statistics in Theory and Practice", 1932)

"The evidence submitted by the committee from its own questionnaire warrants no such conclusion. To torture the data given in Table I into evidence supporting a twelve-hour minimum of professional training is indeed a statistical feat, but one which the committee accomplishes to its own satisfaction." ("The Elementary School Journal" Vol. 33 (7), 1933)

"Factual science may collect statistics, and make charts. But its predictions are, as has been well said, but past history reversed." (John Dewey, "Art as Experience", 1934)

"Statistics is a scientific discipline concerned with collection, analysis, and interpretation of data obtained from observation or experiment. The subject has a coherent structure based on the theory of Probability and includes many different procedures which contribute to research and development throughout the whole of Science and Technology." (Egon Pearson, 1936)

"All measurements in science are statistical in character." (Eric T Bell, "The Handmaiden of the Sciences", 1937)

"The fundamental gospel of statistics is to push back the domain of ignorance, prejudice, rule-of-thumb, arbitrary or premature decisions, tradition, and dogmatism and to increase the domain in which decisions are made and principles are formulated on the basis of analyzed quantitative facts." (Robert W Burgess, "The Whole Duty of the Statistical Forecaster", Journal of the American Statistical Association , Vol. 32, No. 200, 1937)

"Without an adequate understanding of the statistical methods, the investigator in the social sciences may be like the blind man groping in a dark room for a black cat that is not there. The methods of Statistics are useful in an over-widening range of human activities in any field of thought in which numerical data may be had." (Frederick E Croxton & Dudley J Cowden, "Practical Business Statistics", 1937

"All statistical analysis in business must aim at the control of action. The possible conclusions are: 1. Certain action must be taken. 2. No action is required. 3. Certain tendencies must be watched. 4. The analysis is not significant and either (a) certain further facts are required, or (b) there are no indications that further facts should be obtained." (John R Riggleman & Ira N Frisbee, "Business Statistics", 1938)

"Because they are determined mathematically instead of according to their position in the data, the arithmetic and geometric averages are not ascertained by graphic methods." (John R Riggleman & Ira N Frisbee, "Business Statistics", 1938)

"By applying the statistical method we cannot foretell the behavior of an individual in a crowd. We can only foretell the chance, the probability, that it will behave in some particular manner." (Albert Einstein & Leopold Infeld, The Evolution of Physics, 1938)

"To consult the statistician after an experiment is finished is often merely to ask him to conduct a post mortem examination. He can perhaps say what the experiment died of." (Sir Ronald A Fisher, [presidential address] 1938)

An inference, if it is to have scientific value, must constitute a prediction concerning future data. If the inference is to be made purely with the help of the distribution theory of statistics, the experiments that constitute evidence for the inference must arise from a state of statistical control; until that state is reached, there is no universe, normal or otherwise, and the statistician’s calculations by themselves are an illusion if not a delusion. The fact is that when distribution theory is not applicable for lack of control, any inference, statistical or otherwise, is little better than a conjecture. The state of statistical control is therefore the goal of all experimentation." (William E Deming, "Statistical Method from the Viewpoint of Quality Control", 1939)

"Starting from statistical observations, it is possible to arrive at conclusions which not less reliable or useful than those obtained in any other exact science. It is only necessary to apply a clear and precise concept of probability to such observations." (Richard von Mises,"Probability, Statistics, and Truth", 1939)

"The definition of random in terms of a physical operation is notoriously without effect on the mathematical operations of statistical theory because so far as these mathematical operations are concerned random is purely and simply an undefined term." (Walter A Shewhart & William E Deming,"Statistical Method from the Viewpoint of Quality Control", 1939)