25 July 2022

On Universality VIII: Complex Systems II

"Many of the systems that surround us are complex. The goal of understanding their properties motivates much if not all of scientific inquiry. […] all scientific endeavor is based, to a greater or lesser degree, on the existence of universality, which manifests itself in diverse ways. In this context, the study of complex systems as a new endeavor strives to increase our ability to understand the universality that arises when systems are highly complex." (Yaneer Bar-Yamm, "Dynamics of Complexity", 1997)

"It [collective intelligence] is a form of universally distributed intelligence, constantly enhanced, coordinated in real time, and resulting in the effective mobilization of skills. I'll add the following indispensable characteristic to this definition: The basis and goal of collective intelligence is mutual recognition and enrichment of individuals rather than the cult of fetishized or hypostatized communities." (Pierre Levy, "Collective Intelligence", 1999)

"The existence of the tipping point means it is theoretically possible to completely eradicate a disease. Eradication does not require a perfect vaccine and universal immunization but only the weaker condition that the reproduction rate of the disease fall and remain below one so that new cases arise at a lower rate than old cases are resolved." (John D Sterman, "Business Dynamics: Systems thinking and modeling for a complex world", 2000)

"Systems science, with such an ambition and with its basic Systems Theory, provides a general language with which to tie together various areas in interdisciplinary communication. As such it automatically strives towards a universal science, i.e. to join together the many splintered disciplines with a 'law of laws', applicable to them all and integrating all scientific knowledge." (Lars Skyttner, "General Systems Theory: Ideas and Applications", 2001)

"Most systems displaying a high degree of tolerance against failures are a common feature: Their functionality is guaranteed by a highly interconnected complex network. A cell's robustness is hidden in its intricate regulatory and metabolic network; society's resilience is rooted in the interwoven social web; the economy's stability is maintained by a delicate network of financial and regulator organizations; an ecosystem's survivability is encoded in a carefully crafted web of species interactions. It seems that nature strives to achieve robustness through interconnectivity. Such universal choice of a network architecture is perhaps more than mere coincidences." (Albert-László Barabási, "Linked: How Everything Is Connected to Everything Else and What It Means for Business, Science, and Everyday Life", 2002)

"The diversity of networks in business and the economy is mindboggling. There are policy networks, ownership networks, collaboration networks, organizational networks, network marketing-you name it. It would be impossible to integrate these diverse interactions into a single all-encompassing web. Yet no matter what organizational level we look at, the same robust and universal laws that govern nature's webs seem to greet us. The challenge is for economic and network research alike to put these laws into practice." (Albert-László Barabási, "Linked: How Everything Is Connected to Everything Else and What It Means for Business, Science, and Everyday Life", 2002)

"If universality is one of the observed characteristics of complex dynamical systems in many fields of study, a second characteristic that flows from the study of these systems is that of emergence. As self-organizing systems go about their daily business, they are constantly exchanging matter and energy with their environment, and this allows them to remain in a state that is far from equilibrium. That allows spontaneous behavior to give rise to new patterns." (Terry Cooke-Davies et al, "Exploring the Complexity of Projects", 2009)

"Laws of complexity hold universally across hierarchical scales (scalar, self-similarity) and are not influenced by the detailed behavior of constituent parts." (Jamshid Gharajedaghi, "Systems Thinking: Managing Chaos and Complexity A Platform for Designing Business Architecture" 3rd Ed., 2011)

"A catastrophe is a universal unfolding of a singular function germ. The singular function germs are called organization centers of the catastrophes. [...] Catastrophe theory is concerned with the mathematical modeling of sudden changes - so called 'catastrophes' - in the behavior of natural systems, which can appear as a consequence of continuous changes of the system parameters. While in common speech the word catastrophe has a negative connotation, in mathematics it is neutral." (Werner Sanns, "Catastrophe Theory" [Mathematics of Complexity and Dynamical Systems, 2012])

"Order is not universal. In fact, many chaologists and physicists posit that universal laws are more flexible than first realized, and less rigid - operating in spurts, jumps, and leaps, instead of like clockwork. Chaos prevails over rules and systems because it has the freedom of infinite complexity over the known, unknown, and the unknowable." (Lawrence K Samuels, "Defense of Chaos: The Chaology of Politics, Economics and Human Action", 2013)

"And that’s what good networkers do. No matter the field, discipline, or industry, if we want to succeed, we must master the networks. Because as the First Law of Success reminds us, the harder it is to measure performance, the less performance matters." (Albert-László Barabási, "The Formula: The Universal Laws of Success", 2018)

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