On Causality (-1199)

"Analysis is a method where one assumes that which is sought, and from this, through a series of implications, arrives at something which is agreed upon on the basis of synthesis; because in analysis, one assumes that which is sought to be known, proved, or constructed, and examines what this is a consequence of and from what this latter follows, so that by backtracking we end up with something that is already known or is part of the starting points of the theory; we call such a method analysis; it is, in a sense, a solution in reversed direction. In synthesis we work in the opposite direction: we assume the last result of the analysis to be true. Then we put the causes from analysis in their natural order, as consequences, and by putting these together we obtain the proof or the construction of that which is sought. We call this synthesis." (Pappus of Alexandria, cca. 4th century BC)

"All human actions have one or more of these seven causes: chance, nature, compulsions, habit, reason, passion, desire." (Aristotle, 4th century BC)

"In all disciplines in which there is systematic knowledge of things with principles, causes, or elements, it arises from a grasp of those: we think we have knowledge of a thing when we have found its primary causes and principles, and followed it back to its elements." (Aristotle, "Physics", cca. 350 BC)

"We must rather seek for a cause, for every event whether probable or improbable must have some cause." (Polybius, "The Histories", cca. 120 BC)

"The Causes of events are ever more interesting than the events themselves." (Marcus Tullius Cicero, "Epistolae ad atticum" ["Letters to Atticus"], cca. 46-44 BC)

"The most important events are often determined by very trivial causes." (Marcus Tullius Cicero, "Orationes Philippicae", 44-43 BC)

"Constantly regard the universe as one living being, having one substance and one soul; and observe how all things have reference to one perception, the perception of this one living being; and how all things act with one movement; and how all things are the cooperating causes of all things which exist; observe too the continuous spinning of the thread and the contexture of the web." (Marcus Aurelius, "Meditations", cca. 121–180 AD)

"In the series of things those which follow are always aptly fitted to those which have gone before; for this series is not like a mere enumeration of disjointed things, which has only a necessary sequence, but it is a rational connection: and as all existing things are arranged together harmoniously, so the things which come into existence exhibit no mere succession, but a certain wonderful relationship." (Marcus Aurelius, "Meditations", cca. 180 AD)

"On the assumption that all happens by Cause, it is easy to discover the nearest determinants of any particular act or state to trace it plainly to them." (Plotinus, "Enneads", cca. 270 AD)

"Now it is established in the sciences that no knowledge is acquired save through the study of its causes and beginnings, if it has had causes and beginnings; nor completed except by knowledge of its accidents and accompanying essentials. Of these causes there are four kinds: material, efficient, formal, and final." (Ibn Sina [Avicenna] "On Medicine", cca. 1020)

"The knowledge of anything, since all things have causes, is not acquired or complete unless it is known by its causes." (Ibn Sina [Avicenna] "On Medicine", cca. 1020)

Previous Post <<||>> Next Post