"We consider the notion of ‘system’ as an organising concept, before going on to look in detail at various systemic metaphors that may be used as a basis for structuring thinking about organisations and problem situations.“ (Mike Jackson, Creative Problem Solving: Total Systems Intervention, 1991)
"[metaphors] are always open to more than one interpretation. But far from being a defect this essential openness is the reason why a number of those metaphors have had a very long life and have been able to survive great changes both in science and in the social background against which they first appeared." (Olaf Pedersen," The Book of Nature", 1992)
"Encountering new models and metaphors can sometimes fire us with enthusiasm for new explorations and creative leaps into the darkness of the unknown. But models, magical or otherwise, can become subtle traps. It seems all to easy for us to embrace a new model or reality-map, yet to suddenly find that we have bound ourselves within its limitations. But some models are particularly suited for specific tasks and situations. Rather than attempting to stretch one model so that it can account for everything and anything, the Chaos approach encourages one to use the model which is most appropriate to the situation." (Phil Hine, "Condensed Chaos: An Introduction to Cbaos Magic", 1993
"Metaphor plays an essential role in establishing a link between scientific language and the world. Those links are not, however, given once and for all. Theory change, in particular, is accompanied by a change in some of the relevant metaphors and in the corresponding parts of the network of similarities through which terms attach to nature." (Thomas S Kuhn, "Metaphor in science", 1993)
"People have amazing facilities for sensing something without knowing where it comes from (intuition); for sensing that some phenomenon or situation or object is like something else (association); and for building and testing connections and comparisons, holding two things in mind at the same time (metaphor). These facilities are quite important for mathematics. Personally, I put a lot of effort into ‘listening’ to my intuitions and associations, and building them into metaphors and connections. This involves a kind of simultaneous quieting and focusing of my mind. Words, logic, and detailed pictures rattling around can inhibit intuitions and associations." (William P Thurston, "On proof and progress in mathematics", Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society Vol. 30 (2), 1994)
"A metaphor is not an ornament. It is an organ of perception. Through metaphors, we see the world as one thing or another." (Neil Postman, "The End of Education: Redefining the Value of School", 1995)
"If we are to have meaningful, connected experiences; ones that we can comprehend and reason about; we must be able to discern patterns to our actions, perceptions, and conceptions. Underlying our vast network of interrelated literal meanings (all of those words about objects and actions) are those imaginative structures of understanding such as schema and metaphor, such as the mental imagery that allows us to extrapolate a path, or zoom in on one part of the whole, or zoom out until the trees merge into a forest." (William H Calvin, "The Cerebral Code", 1996)
"Metaphor, the life of language, can be the death of meaning. It should be used in moderation, like vodka. Writers drunk on metaphor can forget they are conveying information and ideas." (Robert Fulford, 1996)
"Perhaps our ultimate understanding of scientific topics is measured in terms of our ability to generate metaphoric pictures of what is going on. Maybe understanding is coming up with metaphoric pictures." (Per Bak, "How Nature Works: the science of self-organized criticality", 1996)
"The logic of the emotional mind is associative; it takes elements that symbolize a reality, or trigger a memory of it, to be the same as that reality. That is why similes, metaphors and images speak directly to the emotional mind." (Daniel Goleman, "Emotional Intelligence", 1996)
"Ideas about organization are always based on implicit images or metaphors that persuade us to see, understand, and manage situations in a particular way. Metaphors create insight. But they also distort. They have strengths. But they also have limitations. In creating ways of seeing, they create ways of not seeing. There can be no single theory or metaphor that gives an all-purpose point of view, and there can be no simple 'correct theory' for structuring everything we do. The challenge facing modern managers is to become accomplished in the art of using metaphor to find new ways of seeing, understanding, and shaping their actions." (Gareth Morgan, "Imaginization", 1997)
"We are a people captivated by the power and romance of metaphor, forever seeking the invisible through the image of the visible." (Lewis H Lapham, "Waiting For The Barbarians", 1997)
"For several centuries that we know of, and probably for many centuries before that, flipping a coin (or rolling a die) has been the epitome of probability, the paradigm of randomness. You flip the coin (or roll the die), and nobody can accurately predict how it will fall. Nor can the most powerful computer predict correctly how it will fall, if it is flipped energetically enough. This is why cards, dice, and other gambling aids crop up so often in literature both directly and as metaphors. No doubt it is also the reason for the (perhaps excessive) popularity of gambling as entertainment. If anyone had any idea what numbers the lottery would show, or where the roulette ball will land, the whole industry would be a dead duck." (David Stirzaker, "Probability and Random Variables: A Beginner’s Guide", 1999)
"Metaphysics in philosophy is, of course, supposed to characterize what is real - literally real. The irony is that such a conception of the real depends upon unconscious metaphors." (George Lakoff, "Philosophy in the Flesh: The Embodied Mind and its Challenge to Western Thought", 1999)
"[…] philosophical theories are structured by conceptual metaphors that constrain which inferences can be drawn within that philosophical theory. The (typically unconscious) conceptual metaphors that are constitutive of a philosophical theory have the causal effect of constraining how you can reason within that philosophical framework." (George Lakoff, "Philosophy in the Flesh: The Embodied Mind and its Challenge to Western Thought", 1999)
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