04 February 2020

On Spacetime (1950-1974)

"The rate of growth deserves to be studied as a necessary preliminary to the theoretical study of form, and organic form itself is found, mathematically speaking, to be a function of time. […] We might call the form of an organism an event in space-time, and not merely a configuration in space."  (Sir D’Arcy W Thompson, "On Growth and Form", 1951)

"In the realm of physics it is perhaps only the theory of relativity which has made it quite clear that the two essences, space and time, entering into our intuition, have no place in the world constructed by mathematical physics. Colours are thus 'really' not even æther-vibrations, but merely a series of values of mathematical functions in which occur four independent parameters corresponding to the three dimensions of space, and the one of time." (Hermann Weyl, "Space, Time, Matter", 1952)

"Space and time are commonly regarded as the forms of existence of the real world, matter as its substance. A definite portion of matter occupies a definite part of space at a definite moment of time. It is in the composite idea of motion that these three fundamental conceptions enter into intimate relationship." (Hermann Weyl, "Space, Time, Matter", 1952)

"It is the invariable lesson to humanity that distance in time, and in space as well, lends focus. It is not recorded, incidentally, that the lesson has ever been permanently learned." (Isaac Asimov, "Foundation and Empire", 1952)

"Space-time does not claim existence on its own, but only as a structural quality of the field." (Albert Einstein, 1954)

"The main interest of physical statistics lies in fact not so much in the distribution of the phenomena in space, but rather in their succession in time." (Richard von Mises, "Probability, Statistics, and Truth"2nd Ed., 1957)

"Synchronistic phenomena prove the simultaneous occurrence of meaningful equivalences in heterogenous, causally unrelated processes; in other words, they prove that a content perceived by an observer can, at the same time, be represented by an outside event, without any causal connection. From this it follows either that the psyche cannot be localized in time, or that space is relative to the psyche." (Carl G Jung, "The structure and dynamics of the psyche", 1960)

"If the universe is a mingling of probability clouds spread through a cosmic eternity of space-time, how is there as much order, persistence, and coherent transformation as there is?" (Lancelot L Whyte, "Essay on Atomism: From Democritus to 1960", 1961)

"The laws of thought are also the laws of things: of things in the remotest space and the remotest time." (Clive S Lewis, "Christian Reflections", 1967)

"There is one metaphor in the physicist’s account of space-time which one would expect anyone to recognize as such, for metaphor is here strained far beyond the breaking point, i.e., when it is said that time is ‘at right angles to each of the other three dimensions’. Can anyone really attach any meaning to this - except as a recipe for drawing diagrams?" (Clement W K Mundle, "The Space-Time World", Mind, 1967)

"Space-time is the basic spatiotemporal entity. Many philosophers have mouthed this truth, but few have swallowed it, and very few have digested it [...] An appreciation of this truth is crucial to what is commonly referred to as the philosophy of space and time [...] In large measure the lack of progress in this area can be traced to the fact that philosophers have not taken seriously the corollary that talk about space and time is really talk about the spatial and temporal aspects of spacetime." (John Earman, "Space-Time or How to Solve Philosophical Problems and Dissolve Philosophical Muddles Without Really Trying", Journal of Philosophy, 1970) 

"One of the central problems studied by mankind is the problem of the succession of form. Whatever is the ultimate nature of reality (assuming that this expression has meaning). it is indisputable that our universe is not chaos. We perceive beings, objects, things to which we give names. These beings or things are forms or structures endowed with a degree of stability: they take up some part of space and last for some period of time." (René Thom, "Structural Stability and Morphogenesis", 1972) 

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